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Rabu, 23 Januari 2013

Rangkaian LED


LED (Light Emiting Diode) termasuk jenis dioda semikonduktor yang banyak dipakai di dunia elektronika terutama digunakan sebagai indikator. Seiring perkembangan teknolgi dan kebutuhan, kini LED banyak dipakai sebagai penerangan pengganti lampu pijar dan lampu neon yang membutuhkan daya cukup besar. Alasannya, selain karena lebih awet, daya yang dibutuhkan LED jauh lebih kecil sehingga dapat menghemat penggunaan energi listrik.

Tidak seperti lampu pijar dan lampu neon, LED mempunyai kecenderungan polarisari yang mempunyai kutub positif dan negatif sehingga untuk menyalakan LED harus diberi arus maju (forward). Jika LED diberi arus terbalik (reverse) maka chip di dalam LED tidak akan mengeluarkan emisi cahaya bahkan jika tegangan sumber terlalu besar dapat menyebabkan LED tersebut rusak. Bukan hanya itu, meskipun LED diberi arus maju tetapi kalau arusnya terlalu besar, maka LED pun akan rusak. Di sinilah perlunya tahanan (resistor) untuk membatasi arus.

Setiap warna LED mempunyai karakteristik yang berbeda seperti besarnya drop tegangandan arus yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat chip di dalam LED menghasilkan emisi cahaya. Semakin terang jenis LED (Super Bright LED) semakin besar drop tegangan dan arus yang dibutuhkan.

Karena perbedaan karakteristik inilah maka untuk membuat rangkaian seri agar setiap LED menyala normal, cukup sulit karena besarnya cahaya yang dihasilkan akan berbeda, bahkan sebagian LED dapat tidak menyala atau redup. Untuk mencegah hal seperti ini LED yang berbeda warna harus dipasang paralel dengan resistor pembatas yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan arus LED.

Berikut ini adalah spesifikasi (tegangan dan arus) yang dibutuhkan agar LED menyala dengan normal:

Tegangan LED
1.    Standar Red : 1,7 Volt
2.    Super Bright Red : 2,2 Volt
3.    Standar Green : 2,2 Volt
4.    High Intensity Blue : 3,0 - 3,5 Volt
5.    High Intensity White :  3,0 - 3,5 Volt
Arus LED
1.    LED berdiameter 3 mm - 5 mm pada umumnya beroperasi 20 mA sampai 30 mA.
2.    Super Bright LED membutuhkan arus >200 mA
Contoh permasalahan:
1.    Perhatikan gambar di bawah. Jika kita mempunyai sumber tegangan DC (misalnya AKI motor) 12 Volt dan sebuah LED merah standar dengan ukuran 5 mm, maka resistor yang dibutuhkan adalah sebagai berikut:

Diketahui:
Tegangan Sumber (V) = 12 Volt
Tegangan LED (VLED) = 1,7 Volt
Arus LED (ILED) = 20 mA atau 0,02 A (1 Ampere = 1000 mA)

Menghitung Resitor (R) yang dibutuhkan:
R = (V-VLED) / ILED
   = (12-1,7) / 0,02
   = 10,3 / 0,02
   = 515 Ohm

Karena resistor dengan nilai 515 Ohm jarang ada di pasaran, alternatifnya dapat menggunakan resitor dengan nilai 560 Ohm, dengan demikian maka arus total yang mengalir dan daya yang dibutuhkan resitor tersebut adalah sebagi berikut:

Arus (I):
I = (V-VLED) / R
  = (12 - 1,7) / 560
  = 10,3 / 560
  = 0,0184 Ampere
  = 18,4 mA

Daya (P):
P = I^2 x R
   = 0,0184^2 x 560
   = 0,19 Watt

Di pasaran tersedia resitor 1/4 Watt. Tentu saja jika menggunakan resistor yang lebih besar dayanya akan lebih baik (awet), tetapi jangan terlalu extrim misalnya dapat menggunakan resistor 1/2 Watt dengan nilai 560 Ohm.
2.    Bagaimana jika LED yang akan dipasang adalah jenis High Intensity White dengan ukuran 5 mm sebanyak empat buah? Berikut cara menghitung tahanan (resitor yang tepat).


Diketahui:
Tegangan Sumber (V) = 12 Volt
Tegangan LED (VLED) = 3,0 Volt
Arus LED (ILED) = 200 mA atau 0,2 A (1 Ampere = 1000 mA)

Menghitung Resitor (R) yang dibutuhkan:
R = (V-(2 x VLED)) / ILED
   = (12-(2 x 3,0)) / 0,2
   = (12-6) / 0,2
   = 6 / 0,2
   = 30 Ohm

Di pasaran tersedia 33 Ohm, dengan demikian arus total dan daya minimal resistor adalah sebagai berikut:

Arus (I):
I = (V-(2 x VLED) / R
  = (12 - (2 x 3.0)) / 33
  = (12-6) / 33
  = 6 / 33
  = 0,182 Ampere
  = 182 mA

Daya (P):
P = I^2 x R
   = 0,182^2 x 33
   = 1,09 Watt

Jadi dapat menggunakan tahanan 1 Watt atau lebih dengan nilai 33 Ohm.


Senin, 07 Januari 2013

Prefix


Root, Prefix or SuffixMeaningExamples
a, ac, ad, af, ag, al, an, ap, as, atto, toward, near, in addition to, byaside, accompany, adjust, aggression, allocate, annihilate, affix, associate, attend, adverb
a-, an-not, withoutapolitical, atheist, anarchy, anonymous, apathy, aphasia, anemia
ab, absaway from, offabsolve, abrupt, absent
-able, -ibleAdjective: worth, abilitysolvable, incredible
acer, acid, acribitter, sour, sharpacerbic, acidity, acrid, acrimony
act, agdo, act, driveactive, react, agent, active, agitate
acusharpacute, acupuncture, accurate
-acy, -cyNoun: state or qualityprivacy, infancy, adequacy, intimacy, supremacy
-adeact, product, sweet drinkblockade, lemonade
aer, aeroair, atmosphere, aviationaerial, aerosol, aerodrome
ag, agi, ig, actdo, move, goagent, agenda, agitate, navigate, ambiguous, action
-ageNoun: activity, or result of actioncourage, suffrage, shrinkage, tonnage
agri, agropertaining to fields or soilagriculture, agroindustry
-alNoun: action, result of actionreferral, disavowal, disposal, festival
-al, -ial, -icalAdjective: quality, relationstructural, territorial, categorical
alb, albowhite, without pigmentalbino, albite
ali, allo, alterotheralias, alibi, alien, alloy, alter, alter ego, altruism
althigh, deepaltimeter, altitude
am, ami, amorlove, like, likingamorous, amiable, amicable, enamoured
ambibothambidextrous
ambulto walkambulatory, amble, ambulance, somnambulist
-anNoun: personartisan, guardian, historian, magician
ana, anoup, back, again, anewanode, anagram, anagenetic
-ance, -enceNoun: action, state, quality or processresistance, independence, extravagance, fraudulence
-ancy, -encyNoun: state, quality or capacityvacancy, agency, truancy, latency
andr, andromale, characteristics of menandrocentric, android
angangularangle
animmind, life, spirit, angeranimal, animate, animosity
ann, annu, enniyearlyannual, annual, annuity, anniversary, perrenial
-ant, -entNoun: an agent, something that performs the actiondisinfectant, dependent, fragrant
-ant, -ent, -ientAdjective: kind of agent, indicationimportant, dependent, convenient
antebeforeanterior, anteroom, antebellum, antedate, antecedent antediluvian
anthropmananthropology, misanthrope, philanthropy
anti, antagainst, oppositeantisocial, antiseptic, antithesis, antibody, antinomies, antifreeze, antipathy
anti, anticooldantique, antiquated, antiquity
apo, ap, aphaway from, detached, formedapology, apocalypse, aphagia
aquwateraqueous
-ar, -aryAdjective: resembling, related tospectacular, unitary
archchief, first, rulearchangel, architect, archaic, monarchy, matriarchy, patriarchy, Archeozoic era
-ard, -artNoun: characterizedbraggart, drunkard, wizard
aster, astrstaraster, asterisk, asteroid, astronomy, astronaut
-ateNoun: state, office, fuctioncandidate, electorate, delegate
-ateVerb: cause to begraduate, ameliorate, amputate, colligate
-ateAdjective: kind of stateinviolate
-ationNoun: action, resulting statespecialization, aggravation, alternation
auc, aug, autto originate, to increaseaugment , author, augment, auction
aud, audi, aur, austo hear, listenaudience, audio, audible, auditorium, audiovisual, audition, auricular, ausculate
aug, aucincreaseaugur, augment, auction
aut, autoselfautomobile, automatic, automotive, autograph, autonomous, autoimmune
barweight, pressurebarometer
beon, around, over, about, excessively, make, cause, name, affectberate, bedeck, bespeak, belittle, beleaguer
belliwarrebellion, belligerent, casus belli, bellicose
benegood, well, gentlebenefactor, beneficial, benevolent, benediction, beneficiary, benefit
bi, binetwobiped, bifurcate, biweekly, bivalve, biannual
bibl, bibli, bibliobookbibliophile, bibliography, Bible
bio, bilifebiography, biology, biometricsm biome, biosphere
brevshortabbreviate, brevity, brief
cad, cap, cas, ceiv, cept, capt, cid, cipto take, to seize, to holdreceive, deceive, capable, capacious, captive, accident, capture, occasion, concept, intercept, forceps, except, reciprocate
cad, casto fallcadaver, cadence, cascade
-cadeprocessionmotorcade
calorheatcalorie, caloric, calorimeter
capit, captheaddecapitate, capital, captain, caption
carnfleshcarnivorous, incarnate, reincarnation, carnal
cat, cata, cathdown, withcatalogue, category, catheter
caus, cautburn, heatcaustic, cauldron, cauterize
cause, cuse, cuscause, motivebecause, excuse, accusation
ceas, ced, cede, ceed, cessto go, to yield, move, go, surrendersucceed, proceed, precede, recede, secession, exceed, succession
centhundredcentennial, century, centipede
centr, centricentereccentricity, centrifugal, concentric, eccentric
chromcolorchrome, chromosome, polychrome, chromatic
chrontimechronology, chronic, chronicle chronometer, anachronism, synchronize
cide, cis, ciseto kill, to cut, cut downfratricide, homicide, incision, incision, circumcision, scissors
circumaroundcircumnavigate, circumflex, circumstance, circumcision, circumference, circumorbital, circumlocution, circumvent, circumscribe, circulatory
citcall, startincite, citation, cite
civcitizencivic, civil, civilian, civilization
clam, claimcry outexclamation, clamor, proclamation, reclamation, acclaim
clinlean, benddecline, aclinic, inclination
clud, clus clausto close, shutinclude, exclude, clause, claustrophobia, enclose, exclusive, reclusive, conclude
co, cog, col, coll, con, com, corwith, togethercohesiveness, cognate, collaborate, convene, commitment, compress, contemporary, converge, compact, confluence, convenient, concatenate, conjoin, combine, correct
cogn, gnosto knowrecognize, cognizant, diagnose, agnostic, incognito, prognosis
com, confullycomplete, compel, conscious, condense, confess, confirm
contr, contra, counteragainst, oppositecontradict, counteract, contravene, contrary, counterspy, contrapuntal
cord, cor, cardiheartcordial, concord, discord, courage, encourage
corpbodycorporation, corporal punishment, corpse, corpulent, corpus luteum
cortcorrectescort, cortage
cosmuniverse, worldcosmos, microcosm, cosmopolitan, cosmonaut
cour, cur, curr, cursrun, courseoccur, excursion, discourse, courier, course
crat, cracyruleautocrat, aristocrat, theocracy, technocracy
cre, cresc, cret, creasegrowcreate, crescent, accretion, increase
creacreatecreature, recreation, creation
credbelievecreed, credo, credence, credit, credulous, incredulous, incredible
cresc, cret, crease, crurise, growcrescendo, concrete, increase, decrease, accrue
critseparate, choosecritical, criterion, hypocrite
cur, cursruncurrent, concurrent, concur, incur, recur, occur, courier, precursor, cursive
curacarecurator, curative, manicure
cycl, cyclowheel, circle, circularCyclops, unicycle, bicycle, cyclone, cyclic
de-from, down, away, to do the opposite, reverse, againstdetach, deploy, derange, decrease, deodorize, devoid, deflate, degenerate
dec, decaten, ten timesdecimal, decade, decalogue, decimate, decathlon
dec, dignsuitabledecent decorate dignity
dei, divGoddivinity, divine, deity, divination, deify
dem, demopeople, populace, populationdemocracy, demography, demagogue, epidemic
dent, donttoothdental, denture, orthodontist, periodontal
dermskin, coveringhypodermic, dermatology, epidermis, taxidermy
di-, dy-two, twice, doubledivide, diverge, diglycerides
diathrough, across, betweendiameter, diagonal, dialogue dialect, dialectic, diagnosis, diachronic
dic, dict, ditsay, speakdictation, dictionary, dictate, dictator, Dictaphone, edict, predict, verdict, contradict, benediction
dis, difnot, opposite of, reverse, separate, deprive of, awaydismiss, differ, disallow, disperse, dissuade, divide, disconnect, disproportion, disrespect, distemper, disarray
ditgivecredit, audit
doc, doctteach, provedocile, doctor, doctrine, document, dogma, indoctrinate
dominmaster, that which is under controldominate, dominion, predominant, domain
dongivedonate, condone
dormsleepdormant, dormitory
doxthought, opinion, praiseorthodox, heterodox, paradox, doxology
-dromerun, stepsyndrome, aerodrome, velodrome
duc, ductto lead, pullproduce, abduct, product, transducer, viaduct, aqueduct, induct, deduct, reduce, induce
durahard, lastingdurable, duration, endure
dynampowerdynamo, dynamic, dynamite, hydrodynamics
dys-bad, abnormal, difficult, impaired, unfavorabledysfunctional, dyslexia, dyspathy
e-not, missing, out, fully, away, computer network relatedemit, embed, eternal,ether, erase, email, e-tailer
ec-out of, outsideecho, eclipse, eclectic, ecesis, ecstasy, exzema
eco-household, environment, relating to ecology or economyecology, economize, ecospheres, ecomanagement
ecto-outside, externalectomorph, ectoderm, ectoplasm
-edVerb: past tensedressed, faded, patted, closed, introduced
-edAdjective: having the quality or characteristics ofwinged, moneyed, dogged, tiered
-enVerb: to cause to becomelengthen, moisten, sharpen
-enAdjective: materialgolden, woolen, silken
en-, em-put into, make, provide with, surround withenamor, embolden, enslave, empower, entangle
-ence, -encyNoun: action or process, quality or statereference, emergency, dependence, eminence, latency
end-inside, withinendorse, endocardial, endergonic, endoskeleton, endoscope, endogenous
epi-upon, close to, over, after, alteredepicenter, epicarp, epilogue, epigone, epidiorite
equi-equalequidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox, equation, equator
-er, -ierAdjective: comparativebetter, brighter, sooner, hotter, happier
-er, -orNoun: person or thing that does somethingflyer, reporter, player, member, fryer, collector, concentrator
-er, -orVerb: actionponder, dishonor, clamor
ergwork, effectenergy, erg, allergy, ergometer, ergograph, ergophobia
-erycollective qualities, art, practice, trade, collection, state, conditionsnobbery, bakery, geenery, gallery, slavery
-es, -iesNoun: plural of most nouns ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -o and -z and some in -f and -ypasses, glasses, ladies, heroes
-es, -iesVerb: third person singular present indicative of verbs that end in -ch, -s, -sh, - and some in -yblesses, hushes, fizzes, defies
-essfemaleactress, goddess, poetess
-est, -iestAdjective or Adverb: superlativelatest, strongest, luckiest, lyingest
ev-, et-time, agemedieval, eternal
ex-out of, away from, lacking, formerexit, exhale, exclusive, exceed, explosion, ex-mayor
exter-, extra-, extro-outside of, beyondexternal, extrinsic, extraordinary, extrapolate, extraneous, extrovert
fa, fessspeakfable, fabulous, fame, famous, confess, profess
fac, fact, fec, fect, fic, fas, feado, makedifficult, fashion, feasible, feature, factory, fact, effect, manufacture, amplification, confection
fall, falsdeceivefallacy, falsify, fallacious
femtoquadrillionthfemtosecond
ferbear, carryferry, coniferous, fertile, defer, infer, refer, transfer
fic, feign, fain, fit, featshape, make, fashionfiction, faint, feign
fidbelief, faithconfide, diffident, fidelity
fid, fide, federfaith, trustconfidante, fidelity, confident, infidelity, infidel, federal, confederacy, semper fi
figshape, formfigurem, effigy, figure, figment
fila, filithreadfiligree, filament, filter, filet, filibuster
finend, ended, finishedfinal, finite, finish, confine, fine, refine, define, finale
fixrepair, attachfix, fixation, fixture, affix, prefix, suffix
flex, flectbendflex, reflex, flexible, flexor, inflexibility, reflect, deflect,circumflex
flictstrikeaffliction, conflict, inflict
flu, fluc, fluv, fluxflowinfluence, fluid, flue, flush, fluently, fluctuate, reflux, influx
-foldAdverb: in a manner of, marked byfourfold
for, forebeforeforecast, fortune, foresee
forc, fortstrength, strongeffort, fort, forte, fortifiable, fortify, forte, fortitude
formshape, resembleform, format, conform, formulate, perform, formal, formula
fract, frag, fraibreakfracture, infraction, fragile, fraction, refract, frail
fugefleesubterfuge, refuge, centrifuge
-fulNoun: an amount or quanity that fillsmouthful
-fulAdjective: having, giving, marked byfanciful
fusepourconfuse, transfuse
-fymake, form intofalsify, dandify
gammarriagebigamy, monogamy, polygamy
gastr, gastrostomachgastric, gastronomic, gastritis, gastropod
genkindgenerous
genbirth, race, producegenesis, genetics, eugenics, genealogy, generate, genetic, antigen, pathogen
geoearthgeometry, geography, geocentric, geology
germvital partgermination, germ, germane
gestcarry, bearcongest, gestation
gigabilliongigabyte, gigaflop
gincarefulgingerly
gloss, glottongueglossary, polyglot, epiglottis
glu, glolump, bond, glueglue, agglutinate, conglomerate
gorto gather, to bring togethercategory, categorize
grad, gress, greeto gather, to bring together, step, gograde, degree, progress, gradual, graduate, egress
graph, gram, grafwrite, written, drawgraph, graphic, autograph, photography, graphite, telegram, polygraph, grammar, biography, lithograph, graphic
gratpleasingcongratulate, gratuity, grateful, ingrate
gravheavy, weightygrave, gravity, aggravate, gravitate
gregherdgregarious, congregation, segregate, gregarian
hale, healmake whole, soundinhale, exhale, heal, healthy, healthiness
heliosunheliograph, heliotrope, heliocentric
hema, hemobloodhemorrhage, hemoglobin, hemophilia, hemostat
her, here, hesstickadhere, cohere, cohesion, inherent, hereditary, hesitate
heteroother, differentheterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodyne
hex, ses, sexsixhexagon, hexameter, sestet, sextuplets
homosamehomogenize, homosexual, homonym, homophone
hum, humanearth, ground, manhumus, exhume, humane
hydr, hydra, hydrowaterdehydrate, hydrant, hydraulic, hydraulics, hydrogen, hydrophobia
hyperover, abovehyperactive, hypertensive, hyperbolic, hypersensitive, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic
hypnsleephypnosis, hypnotherapy
-iaNoun: names, diseasesphobia
-ian, anNoun: related to, one that ispedestrian, human
-iatryNoun: art of healingpsychiatry
-icAdjective: quality, relationgeneric
-ic, icsNoun: related to the arts and sciencesarithmetic, economics
-iceNoun: actmalice
-ifyVerb: causespecify
ignisfireignite, igneous, ignition
-ileAdjective: having the qualities ofprojectile
in, iminto, on, near, towardsinstead, import
in, im, il, irnotillegible, irresolute, inaction, inviolate, innocuous, intractable, innocent, impregnable, impossible, imposter
infrabeneathinfrared, infrastructure
-ingNoun: material made for, activity, result of an activityflooring, swimming, building
-ingVerb: present participledepicting
-ingAdjective: activitycohering
interbetween, amonginternational, intercept, interject, intermission, internal, intermittent,
intrawithin, during, between layers, underneathintramural, intranet, intranatal
introinto, within, inwardinteroffice, introvert, introspection, introduce
-ionNoun: condition or actionabduction
-ishAdjective: having the character ofnewish
-ismNoun: doctrine, belief, action or conductformalism
-istNoun: person or memberpodiatrist
-iteNoun: state or qualitygraphite
-ity, tyNoun: state or qualitylucidity, novelty
-iveNoun: conditionnative
-ive, -ative, -itiveAdjective: having the quality offestive, cooperative, sensitive
-izeVerb: causefantasize
jac, jectthrowreject, eject, project, trajectory, interject, dejected, inject, ejaculate, adjacent
join, junctjoinadjoining, enjoin, juncture, conjunction, injunction, conjunction
judicejudgeprejudice
jug, junct, justto joinjunction, adjust, conjugal
juvenyoungjuvenile, rejuvenate
laborworklaborious, belabor
lau, lav, lot, lutwashlaunder, lavatory, lotion, ablution, dilute
lect, leg, ligchoose, gather, select, readcollect, legible, eligible
leglawlegal, legislate, legislature, legitimize
-lessAdjective: without, missingmotiveless
levilightalleviate, levitate, levity
lex, leag, leglawlegal, college, league
liber, liverfreeliberty, liberal, liberalize, deliverance
lidestrikecollide, nuclide
literlettersliterary, literature, literal, alliteration, obliterate
loc, locoplace, arealocation, locally, locality, allocate, locomotion
log, logo, ologyword, study, say, speech, reason, studycatalog, prologue, dialogue, zoology, logo
loqu, locuttalk, speakeloquent, loquacious, colloquial, circumlocution
luc, lum, lun, lus, lustlighttranslucent, luminary, luster, luna, illuminate, illustrate
ludeplayprelude
-lyAdverb: in the manner offluently
macr-, macerleanemaciated, meager
magngreatmagnify, magnificent, magnanimous, magnate, magnitude, magnum
mainstrength, foremostmainstream, mainsail, domain, remain
malbad, badlymalformation, maladjusted, dismal, malady, malcontent,malfunction, malfeasance, maleficent
man, manuhand, make, domanual, manage, manufacture, manacle, manicure, manifest, maneuver, emancipate, management
mandcommandmandatory, remand, mandate
maniamadnessmania, maniac, kleptomania, pyromania
mar, mari, mersea, poolmarine, marsh, maritime, mermaid
matrimothermatrimony, maternal, matriarchate, matron
medihalf, middle, between, halfwaymediate, medieval, Mediterranean, mediocre, medium
megagreat, millionmegaphone, megaton, megaflop, megalomaniac, megabyte, megalopolis
memrecall, remembermemo, commemoration, memento, memoir, memorable
mentmindmental, mention
-mentNoun: condition or resultdocument
mesomiddlemesomorph, mesoamerica, mesosphere
metabeyond, changemetaphor, metamorphosis, metabolism, metahistorical, metainformation
metermeasuremeter, voltammeter, barometer, thermometer
metradmeasure, apportionmetrics, asymmetric, parametric, telemetry
microsmall, millionthmicroscope, microfilm, microcard, microwave, micrometer, microvolt
migrawandermigrate, emigrant, immigrate
mill, kilothousandmillennium, kilobyte, kiloton
millithousandthmillisecond, milligram, millivolt
minlittle, smallminute, minor, minuscule
miswrong, bad, badlymisconduct, misinform, misinterpret, mispronounce, misnomer, mistake, misogynist
mit, misssendemit, remit, submit, admit, commit, permit, transmit, omit, intermittent, mission, missile
mob, mov, motmovemotion, remove, mobile, motor
monwarn, remindmonument, admonition, monitor, premonition
monoonemonopoly, monotype, monologue, mononucleosis, monorail, monotheist,
mor, mortmortal, deathmortal, immortal, mortality, mortician, mortuary
morphshape, formamorphous, dimorphic, metamorphosis, morphology, polymorphic, morpheme, amorphous
multimany, muchmultifold, multilingual, multiped, multiply, multitude, multipurpose, multinational
nanobillionthnanosecond, nanobucks
nasc, nat, gnant, naito be bornnascent, native, pregnant, naive
nat, nascto be from, to spring forthinnate, natal, native, renaissance
neonewNeolithic, nuveau riche, neologism, neophyte, neonate
-nessNoun: state, condition, qualitykindness
neurnerveneuritis, neuropathic, neurologist, neural, neurotic
nomlaw, orderautonomy, astronomy, gastronomy, economy
nom, nymnamenominate, synonym
nomen, nominnamenomenclature, nominate, ignominious
nonninenonagon
nonnotnonferrous, nonsense, nonabrasive, nondescript
novnewnovel, renovate, novice, nova, innovate
nox, nocnightnocturnal, equinox, noctilucent
numernumbernumeral, numeration, enumerate, innumerable
numismacoinnumismatics
ob, oc, of, optoward, against, in the wayoppose, occur, offer, obtain
octeightoctopus, octagon, octogenarian, octave
oligofew, littleOligocene, oligosaccharide, oligotrophic, oligarchy
omniall, everyomnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, omnivorous
onymnameanonymous, pseudonym, antonym, synonym
operworkoperate, cooperate, opus
-orNoun: condition or activityvalor, honor, humor, minor
orthostraight, correctorthodox, orthodontist, orthopedic, unorthodox
-oryNoun: place for, serves forterritory, rectory
-ous, -eous, -ose, -iousAdjective: having the quality of, relating toadventurous, courageous, verbose, fractious
overexcessive, aboveoverwork, overall, overwork
pacpeacepacifist, pacify, pacific ocean
pair, parearrange, assemblage, tworepair, impair, compare, prepare
paleooldPaleozoic, Paleolithic, paleomagnetism, paleopsychology
panallPan-American, pan-African, panacea, pandemonium (place of all the demons),
parabesideparadox, paraprofessional, paramedic, paraphrase, parachute
pat, pass, pathfeel, sufferpatient, passion, sympathy, pathology
pater, patrfatherpaternity, patriarch, patriot, patron, patronize
path, pathyfeeling, sufferingpathos, sympathy, antipathy, apathy, telepathy
ped, podfootpedal, impede, pedestrian, centipede, tripod, podiatry, antipode, podium
pedochildorthopedic, pedagogue, pediatrics
pel, pulsdrive, push, urgecompel, dispel, expel, repel, propel, pulse, impulse, pulsate, compulsory, expulsion, repulsive
pend, pens, pondhang, weighpendant, pendulum, suspend, appendage, pensive, append
perthrough, intensivepersecute, permit, perspire, perforate, persuade
periaroundperiscope, perimeter, perigee, periodontal
phageeatmacrophage, bacteriophage
phan, phas, phen, fan, phant, fantshow, make visiblephantom, fantasy
phespeakblaspheme, cipher, phenomenon, philosopher
phillovephilosopher, philanthropy, philharmonic, bibliophile
phlegmainflammationphlegm, phlegmatic
phobia, phobosfearphobia, claustrophobia, acrophobia, aquaphobia, ergophobia, homophobia
phonsoundtelephone, phonics, phonograph, phonetic, homophone, microphone, symphony, euphonious
phot, photolightphotograph, photoelectric, photogenic, photosynthesis, photon
picotrillionthpicofarad, picocurie, picovolt
pictpaint, show, drawpicture, depict
plac, plaispleaseplacid, placebo, placate, complacent
pli, plyfoldreply, implicate, ply
plorecry out, wailimplore, exploration, deploring
plu, plur, plusmoreplural, pluralist, plus
pneuma, pneumonbreathpneumatic, pneumonia,
podfoot, feetpodiatry, tripod
policitymetropolis, police, politics, Indianapolis, megalopolis, acropolis
polymanypolytheist, polygon, polygamy, polymorphous
pon, pos, poundplace, putpostpone, component, opponent, proponent, expose, impose, deposit, posture, position, expound, impound
poppeoplepopulation, populous, popular
portcarryporter, portable, transport, report, export, import, support, transportation
portionpart, shareportion, proportion
postafter, behindpostpone, postdate
potpowerpotential, potentate, impotent
pre, purbeforeprecede
prehendereseize, graspapprehend, comprehend, comprehensive, prehensile
prin, prim, primefirstprimacy, prima donna, primitive, primary, primal, primeval, prince, principal
profor, fowardpropel
protofirstprototype, protocol, protagonist, protozoan, Proterozoic, protoindustrial
psychmind, soulpsyche, psychiatry, psychology, psychosis
punctpoint, dotpunctual, punctuation, puncture, acupuncture, punctuation
putethinkdispute, computer
quat, quadfourquadrangle, quadruplets
quint, pentafivequintet, quintuplets, pentagon, pentane, pentameter
quipshipequip, equipment
quir, quis, quest, querseek, askquery, inquire, exquisite, quest
reback, againreport, realign, retract, revise, regain
reg, rectistraightenregiment, regular, rectify, correct, direct, rectangle
retrobackwardsretrorocket, retrospect, retrogression, retroactive
ri, ridi, risilaughterderide, ridicule, ridiculous, derision, risible
rog, rogaaskprerogative, interrogation, derogatory
ruptbreakrupture, interrupt, abrupt, disrupt, ruptible
sacr, sanc, secrsacredsacred, sacrosanct, sanction, consecrate, desecrate
salv, salusafe, healthysalvation, salvage, salutation
sanctholysanctify, sanctuary, sanction, sanctimonious, sacrosanct
sat, satisenoughsatient, saturate, satisfy
sci, scio, scientiaknowscience, conscious, omniscient, cognocienti
scopesee, watchtelescope, microscope, kaleidoscope, periscope, stethoscope
scrib, scriptwritescribe, scribble, inscribe, describe, subscribe, prescribe, manuscript
seapart, move away fromsecede
sect, seccutintersect, transect, dissect, secant, section
sed, sess, sidsitsediment, session, obsession, possess, preside, president, reside, subside
semihalf, partialsemifinal, semiconscious, semiannual, semimonthly, semicircle
sen, scenold, grow oldsenior, senator, senile, senescence, evanescent
sent, sensfeel, thinksentiment, consent, resent, dissent, sentimental, sense, sensation, sensitive, sensory, dissension
septsevenseptet, septennial
sequ, secu, suefollowsequence, consequence, sequel, subsequent, prosecute, consecutive, second, ensue, pursue
servsave, serve, keepservant, service, subservient, servitude, preserve, conserve, reservation, deserve, conservation, observe
-shipNoun: status, conditionrelationship, friendship
sign, signisign, mark, sealsignal, signature, design, insignia, significant
simil, simullike, resemblingsimilar, assimilate, simulate, simulacrum, simultaneous
sist, sta, stitstand, withstand, make upassist, insist, persist, circumstance, stamina, status, state, static, stable, stationary, substitute
socito join, companionssociable, society
sol, solusalonesolo, soliloquy, solitaire, solitude, solitary, isolate
solv, solu, solutloosen, explainsolvent, solve, absolve, resolve, soluble, solution, resolution, resolute, dissolute, absolution
somnsleepinsomnia, somnambulist
sophwisesophomore (wise fool), philosophy, sophisticated
spec, spect, spi, spiclook, seespecimen, specific, spectator, spectacle, aspect, speculate, inspect, respect, prospect, retrospective, introspective, expect, conspicuous
sperrender favorableprosper
sphereball, spheresphere, stratosphere, hemisphere, spheroid
spirbreathspirit, conspire, inspire, aspire, expire, perspire, respiration
stand, stant, stab, stat, stan, sti, sta, st, steadstandstature, establish, stance
-sterpersonmobster, monster
strain, strict, string, stigebind, pull, draw tightstringent, strict, restrict, constrict, restrain, boa constrictor
stru, struct, stroy, strybuildconstrue, structure, construct, instruct, obstruct, destruction, destroy, industry, ministry
sub, suc, suf, sup, sur, susunder, below, from, secretly, instead ofsustain, survive, support, suffice, succeed, submerge, submarine, substandard, subnormal, subvert
sume, sumptake, use, wasteconsume, assume, sump, presumption
super, supraover, abovesuperior, suprarenal, superscript, supernatural, superimpose, supercede
syn, symtogether, at the same timesympathy, synthesis, synchronous, syndicate
tact, tang, tag, tig, tingtouchtactile, contact, intact, intangible, tangible, contagious, contiguous, contingent
tain, ten, tent, tinhold, keep, haveretain, continue, content, tenacious
tect, tegcoverdetect, protect, tegular, tegument
teledistance, far, from afartelephone, telegraph, telegram, telescope, television, telephoto, telecast, telepathy, telepathy
tem, tempotimetempo, temporary, extemporaneously, contemporary, pro tem, temporal
ten, tin, tainholdtenacious, tenant, tenure, untenable, detention, retentive, content, pertinent, continent, obstinate, contain, abstain, pertain, detain
tend, tent, tensstretch, straintendency, extend, intend, contend, pretend, superintend, tender, extent, tension, pretense
teratrillionterabyte, teraflop
termend, boundary, limitexterminate, terminal
terr, terraearthterrain, terrarium, territory, terrestrial
testto bear witnesstestament, detest, testimony, attest, testify
the, theoGod, a godmonotheism, polytheism, atheism, theology
thermheatthermometer, theorem, thermal, thermos bottle, thermostat, hypothermia
thesis, thetplace, putantithesis, hypothesis, synthesis, epithet
tiredraw, pullattire, retire, entire
tomcutatom (not cutable), appendectomy, tonsillectomy, dichotomy, anatomy
tor, tors, torttwisttorture, retort, extort, distort, contort, torsion, tortuous, torturous
toxpoisontoxic, intoxicate, antitoxin
tract, tra, trai, treatdrag, draw, pullattract, tractor, traction, extract, retract, protract, detract, subtract, contract, intractable
transacross, beyond, changetransform, transoceanic, transmit, transportation, transducer
trithreetripod, triangle, trinity, trilateral
tribpay, bestowtribute, contribute, attribute, retribution, tributary
tributegivecontribute, distribute, tributary
turbodisturbturbulent, disturb, turbid, turmoil
typprinttype, prototype, typical, typography, typewriter, typology, typify
ultimalastultimate, ultimatum
umber, umbraticumshadowumbra, penumbra, (take) umbrage, adumbrate
unnot, against, oppositeunceasing, unequal
unioneuniform, unilateral, universal, unity, unanimous, unite, unison, unicorn
-ureNoun: act, condition, process, functionexposure, conjecture, measure
vacemptyvacate, vacuum, evacuate, vacation, vacant, vacuous
vadegoevade, invader
vale, vali, valustrength, worthequivalent, valiant, validity, evaluate, value, valor
veh, vectto carryvector, vehicle, convection, vehement
ven, ventcomeconvene, intervene, venue, convenient, avenue, circumvent, invent, convent, venture, event, advent, prevent
ver, veriTRUEvery, aver, verdict, verity, verify, verisimilitude
verb, vervwordverify, veracity, verbalize, verve
vert, versturn, changeconvert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo, invert, reversion, extravert, introvert, diversion, introvert, convertible, reverse, controversy
viwayviable, vibrate, vibrant
vic, vicischange, substitutevicarious, vicar, vicissitude
vict, vincconquervictor, evict, convict, convince, invincible
vid, visseevideo, evident, provide, providence, visible, revise, supervise, vista, visit, vision, review, indivisible
viv, vita, vivialive, liferevive, survive, vivid, vivacious, vitality, vivisection, vital, vitamins, revitalize
voc, vokecallvocation, avocation, convocation, invocation, evoke, provoke, revoke, advocate, provocative, vocal
volwillmalevolent, benevolent, volunteer, volition
volcanfirevolcano, vulcanize, Vulcan
volv, volt, volturn about, rollrevolve, voluble, voluminous, convolution, revolt, evolution
voreat greedilyvoracious, carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, devour
-wardAdverb: in a direction or mannerhomeward
-wiseAdverb: in the manner of, with regard totimewise, clockwise, bitwise
withagainstwithhold, without, withdraw, forthwith
-yNoun: state, condition, result of an activitysociety, victory
-yAdjective: marked by, havinghungry, angry, smeary, teary
zoanimalzoo (zoological garden), zoology, zodiac, protozoan

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